Pathogenesis
Causes of Mitral Stenosis
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Congenital mitral stenosis
- Mitral annular calcification
Diagnosis
Mitral stenosis manifests as a low-pitched, mid-diastolic murmur best heard in the apex in the left lateral position.
Signs of Mitral Stenosis
Peripheral Signs
- Narrow pulse pressure
Central Signs
- Apical diastolic thrill
- Early opening snap - high frequency sound after S2 in early diastole, heard best between the apex and left sternal edge
- Loud first heart sound (S1)
- Low-pitched, mid-diastolic murmur loudest in the apex in the left lateral position
Signs of Complications
- Evidence of pulmonary hypertension - elevated JVP, parasternal heave, loud / palpable P2
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