- Diagnosis
- History
- Examination
- Investigations
- History
- Management
- Procedures
Encyclopaedia of Clinical Signs
Encyclopaedia of Clinical Signs
A
- Abdominal Bruits
- Abdominal Distension
- Abdominal Guarding
- Abdominal Masses
- Abdominal Pulsation
- Abdominal Rigidity
- Abdominal Scars
- Abnormal Dentition
- Abnormal Gait
- Absent Corneal Reflex
- Absent Lower Limb Pulses
- Absent Pharyngeal Reflex
- Absent Pupillary Light Reflexes
- Acetone Breath
- Adie’s Tonic Pupil
- Affect
- Alcoholic Foetor
- Angular Cheilitis
- Anisocoria (Unequal Pupils)
- Anomia
- Anosmia
- Antalgic Gait
- Anterior Draw Test
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Apley Scratch Test
- Appearance
- Apprehension Test
- Appropriateness of Affect
- Apraxia
- Apraxic Gait
- Argyll Robertson Pupil
- Arm Elevation Test
- Arterial Skin Changes
- Arterial Ulcers
- Arteriovenous Fistulas
- Asterixis
- Asymmetric Soft Palate Rise
- Ataxic Gait
- Atrophic Glossitis
- Auditory Acuity
- Auditory Hallucinations
- Augmentation Test
B
C
- Callosities of the Ankle and Foot
- Capillary Refill Time
- Caput Medusae
- Carotid Auscultation
- Carotid Bruit
- Category Fluency
- Central Cyanosis
- Central Visual Fields
- Centre of Gravity
- Cervical Hyperlordosis
- Charcot Foot
- Chest Expansion
- Chest Wall Tenderness
- Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
- Chorea
- Circumlocution
- Claw Hand
- Claw Toe
- Clonus
- Cog Wheel Rigidity
- Collapsing Pulse
- Colour Vision
- Conceptualisation
- Confusion
- Conjunctival Pallor
- Continuous Murmur
- Cool Extremities
- Cough
- Cover Test
- Cozen’s Test
- Crackles / Crepitations
- Cullen’s Sign
D
- Dactylitis
- Decreased Tactile Fremitus
- Dehydration
- Dental Caries
- Dental Erosions
- Dental Trauma
- Depressive Thought Content
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Diastolic Murmur
- Digital Clubbing
- Diplopia
- Disordered Reading
- Disordered Writing
- Displaced Apex Beat
- Dissociative Symptoms
- Distal Weakness
- Distractibility
- Double Impulse Apex Beat
- Dull Percussion Note
- Dupuytren’s Contracture
- Dysdiadochokinesis
- Dysmegalopsia
- Dystonia
E
F
G
H
- Haemorrhoids
- Halitosis
- Hallucinations
- Hallux Valgus
- Hand of Benediction
- Harsh Speech
- Heberden’s Nodes
- Heel Walking
- Heel-to-Shin Test
- Hepatomegaly
- Herniae
- High-Arched Palate
- Hoarseness
- Homonymous Hemianopia
- Homonymous Quadrantanopia
- Hyperactivity
- Hyperaesthesia
- Hypernasal Speech
- Hyperpigmentation
- Hyperreflexia
- Hyperresonant Percussion Note
- Hypertension
- Hypertensive Retinopathy
- Hypoaesthesia
- Hypophonia
- Hyporeflexia
- Hypotension
I
- Illusions
- Impaired Accommodation
- Impaired Digit Span
- Impaired Rapid Foot Tapping
- Increased Anal Sphincter Tone
- Increased Body Mass Index
- Increased Glabellar Reflex
- Increased Tactile Fremitus
- Increased Temperature
- Increased Vocal Resonance
- Increased Waist-Hip Ratio
- Ingrown Toenails
- Inhibitory Control
- Injection Sites
- Insight
- Intensity of Affect
- Intention Tremor
- Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
- Irregular Pulse
- Irritability
J
K
L
- Lability of Mood
- Lead Pipe Rigidity
- Leg Length Discrepancy
- Leg Tenderness
- Lesser Toe Deformities
- Leukonychia
- Level of Happiness
- Lhermitte’s Sign
- Lift Off Test
- Light Touch Sensation
- Limitation of Extraocular Movement
- Limited Active Movement
- Lip Pigmentation
- Lip Ulceration
- Liver Nodularity
- Log Roll Test
- Loss of Cervical Lordosis
- Loss of Chest Hair Distribution
- Loss of Lumbar Lordosis
- Loss of Proprioception
- Loud P2
- Lower Limb Erythema
- Lower Motor Neuron Weakness
- Lymphadenopathy
M
N
O
P
- Pain on Eye Movement
- Pain Sensation
- Pallor of the Nail Bed
- Palmar Crease Pallor
- Palmar Erythema
- Palpable Kidney
- Palpable Thrill
- Paradoxical Respiration
- Paraphasias
- Parasternal Heave
- Paronychia
- Patellar Apprehension Test
- Patellar Bulge Test
- Patellar Crepitus
- Patellar Tap
- Pectus Carinatum (Pigeon Chest)
- Pectus Excavatum (Funnel Chest)
- Peek Sign
- Pendular Nystagmus
- Percussion Myotonia
- Percussion Tenderness
- Perianal Blood
- Perianal Mass
- Perianal Rash
- Perianal Sinus / Fistula
- Periauricular Vesicles
- Pericardial Rub
- Perioral Telangiectasias
- Peripheral Nerve Enlargement
- Peripheral Visual Fields
- Pes Cavus
- Pes Planus
- Phalen’s Test
- Pharyngeal Erythema
- Pharyngeal Exudate
- Pitting Oedema
- Pleural Rub
- Poor Posture
- Posterior Draw Test
- Postural Hypotension
- Postural Tachycardia
- Postural Tremor
- Pressure-Loaded Apex Beat
- Pronator Drift
- Prostate Enlargement
- Prostate Nodularity
- Prostate Tenderness
- Proximal Muscle Fatigability
- Proximal Myopathy
- Psoriatic Plaques
- Psychogenic Tremor
- Psychomotor Agitation
- Psychomotor Agitation
- Psychomotor Retardation
- Psychotic Thought Content
- Ptosis
- Pull Test
- Pulsatile Abdominal Mass
- Pulsus Paradoxus
- Purpura
R
- Radio-Femoral Delay
- Radio-Radial Delay
- Raised Jugular Venous Pressure
- Range of Affect
- Raynaud’s Phenomenon
- Reactivity of Mood
- Rebound Tenderness
- Rectal Blood
- Rectal Mass
- Rectal Wall Tenderness
- Reduced Anal Sphincter Tone
- Reduced Body Mass Index
- Reduced Breath Sounds
- Reduced Facial Sensation
- Reduced Glabellar Reflex
- Reduced Glasgow Coma Scale
- Reduced Oxygen Saturation
- Reduced Range of Motion
- Reduced Temperature
- Reduced Visual Acuity
- Reduced Vocal Resonance
- Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect
- Relocation Test
- Repeated Movements
- Respiratory Distress
- Resting Tremor
- Retrograde Amnesia
- Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale
- Rinne’s Test
- Romberg Test
- Roth Spots
- Rovsing’s Sign
S
- Sacral Oedema
- Salivary Gland Enlargement
- Scapular Winging
- Scleral Icterus
- Sclerodactyly
- Scoliosis
- Scratch Marks
- Shifting Dullness
- Short Leg Gait
- Simmonds-Thompson Text
- Simpson’s Test
- Skin Pallor
- Snapping Knee Joint
- Soft A2
- Spastic Gait
- Spasticity
- Spider Naevi
- Splenomegaly
- Splinter Haemorrhages
- Sputum
- Squat Test
- Stability of Affect
- Strabismus
- Straight Leg Raise
- Striae (Stretch Marks)
- Stridor
- Subconjunctival Haemorrhage
- Succussion Splash
- Swan Neck Deformity
- Systolic Murmur
T
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnoea
- Tandem Walking
- Tar Staining
- Telegraphic Speech
- Tenckhoff Catheters
- Testing for Golfer's Elbow
- The Angle of the Heel
- The Patient's Attitude
- Third Heart Sound
- Thomas Test
- Thoracic Hyperkyphosis
- Thoracic Scars
- Tics
- Tinel's Sign of the Elbow
- Tinel’s Sign at the Wrist
- Toe Walking
- Tongue Deviation
- Tongue Fasciculations
- Tongue Ulcers
- Tongue Wasting
- Tonsillar Swelling
- Torticollis
- Tracheal Deviation
- Tracheal Tug
- Trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid Weakness
- Trendelenburg Gait
- Trendelenburg Test
U
V
W
X
Z
Bradykinesia / Hypokinesia
Overview
- Bradykinesia refers to progressive slowness of movement, while hypokinesia refers to progressive smallness of movements.
- These findings are decremental, meaning that they worsen as they are repeated.
How to Perform
Ask the patient to perform a variety of tasks as rapidly as possible:- Opening and closing the hand
- Tapping the thumb and index fingers together
- Pronating and supinating the hand
Look For
Progressive slowing and smallness of movement with repetition of the task.
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Associated DiseasesBETA
Parkinson's Disease
Secondary Parkinsonism
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Multiple System Atrophy: Parkinsonian Type
Corticobasal Degeneration
Drug-Induced Parkinsonism
Dementia with Lewy bodies