Parkinsonism
February 15th, 2021
Overview
Clinical Features
- Resting tremor
- Rigidity - leadpipe, cogwheel
- Akinesia - hypokinesia (small movements), bradykinesia (slow movements)
- Postural instability - reduced postural reflexes
Causes of Parkinsonism
- Parkinson's disease - Parkinsonism, anosmia, REM sleep behavioural disturbance, frontal executive dysfunction, depression
Parkinson's Plus Syndromes
- Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) - Parkinsonism with supranuclear downward gaze palsy (inability to look down)
- Multiple systems atrophy (MSA) - Parkinsonism, autonomic dysfunction, cerebellar involvement and pyramidal signs
- Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) - Parkinsonism, visual hallucinations, fluctuating cognition
- Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) - rigidity, dystonia, focal myoclonus, ideomotor apraxia, alien limb syndrome
Others
- Drugs - antipsychotics, metoclopramide, lithium
- Normal pressure hydrocephalus
- Hypoxic brain injury
- Wilson's disease
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