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The Shoulder Exam

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Examination of the shoulders is performed to identify and localise pathology affecting the bones, joints or soft tissues associated with the shoulder.

On this page: Look Feel Move - Glenohumeral Joint Move - Scapula Special Tests - Rotator Cuff Special Tests - Instability Special Tests - Impingement

Look

Feel

Move - Glenohumeral Joint

Move - Scapula

Special Tests - Rotator Cuff

Special Tests - Instability

Special Tests - Impingement

References

Boone DC, Azen SP . Normal range of motion of joints in male subjects. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979; 61: 756-759. Bunker TD. Technical tutorial: Examination of the shoulder. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2002;84: 208-209. Cadet ER. Evaluation of Glenohumeral Instability. Orthop Clin North Am. 2010;41:287-295. Chronopoulos E, Kim TK, Park HB, Ashenbrenner D, McFarland EG. Diagnostic Value of Physical Tests for Isolated Chronic Acromioclavicular Lesions. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:655-661.

Diab M. Physical Examination in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2007;18:229-236.

Greis PE, Kuhn JE, Schultheis J. Validation of the lift-off test and analysis of subscapularis activity during maximal internal rotation. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996;24:589. Hegedus EJ, Goode A, Campbell S, et al. Physical examination tests of the shoulder: a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests. Br J Sports Med. 2008; 2007;42:80-92. Hughes P. The Neer sign and Hawkins-Kennedy test for shoulder impingement. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2011;57:260-260. Itoi E, Kido T, Sano A, Urayama M, Sato K. Which is More Useful, the Full Can Test or the Empty Can Test, in Detecting the Torn Supraspinatus Tendon? Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:65-68. Kölbel R. The bow test for the subacromial impingement syndrome. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1994 Jul; 3(4): 254-5. Kölbel R. The bow test for the subacromial impingement syndrome. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 1994; 3(4): 254-255. Kai Y, Gotoh M, Madokoro K, et al. Electromyographic study of rotator cuff muscle activity during full and empty can tests. Asia-Pacific Journal of Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation and Technology. 2015;2:36-41. Keller EC, Tomecki KJ, Alraies MC. Distinguishing Cellulitis from its Mimics. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2012 Aug; 79(8): 547-552.

Kessenich C. Shoulder Assessment for Rotator Cuff Tear. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2008;4:142-143.

Knochel JP. Neuromuscular Manifestations of Electrolyte Disorders. The American Journal of Medicine. 1982; 72: 521-535. Kuhn J, Plancher K, Hawkins R. Scapular Winging. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1995;3:319. Meininger AK, Figuerres BF, Goldberg BA. Scapular Winging: An Update. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19:453. Moen MH, Jan de Vos R, Ellenbecker TS, Weir A. Clinical tests in shoulder examination: how to perform them. Br J Sports Med. 2010; 44: 370–375. Neer CS. Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972; 54: 41-50.

Physical Examination of the Overhead Athlete’s Shoulder. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2012; 20(1): 11-15.

Rigsby R, Sitler M, Kelly JD. Subscapularis tendon integrity: an examination of shoulder index tests. Journal of athletic training. 2010;45:404-406. Rolton D, Nnadi C, Fairbank J. Scoliosis: a review. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2014;24:197-203. Rouleau DM, Hebert-Davies J, Robinson CM. Acute Traumatic Posterior Shoulder Dislocation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2014;22:145-152. Sciascia AD, Spigelman T, Kibler WB, Uhl TL. Frequency of Use of Clinical Shoulder Examination Tests by Experienced Shoulder Surgeons. Journal of Athletic Training. 2012; 47(4): 457–466. Sewick A, Kelly IV JD, Rubin B. Physical examination of the overhead athlete

Tanaka N, Otsuki S, Okubo M. Decrease of the range of motion of the scapula with ageing. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 1995;4:S86-S86.

Van Goethem J, Van Campenhout A, van den Hauwe L, Parizel PM. Scoliosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2007;17:105-115.

Woodward TW, Best TM. The Painful Shoulder: Part I. Clinical Evaluation. American family physician. 2000: 3079-3089. Woodward TW, Best TM. The painful shoulder: part II. Acute and chronic disorders. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61:3291. Yamamoto N, Muraki T, Sperling JW, et al. Impingement mechanisms of the Neer and Hawkins signs. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2009;18:942-947.

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