The Knee Exam
Examination of the knees is performed to identify and localise pathology affecting the bones, joints or soft tissues associated with the knee.
Skin
Rashes, scars, erythema
Swelling
Over muscles, bones or joints
Bursae
Supra-, infra-, pre-patellar bursae, Baker's cyst
Muscles
Wasting, spasm, fasciculations
Deformities
Genu valgum, genu varum, genu recurvatum
Posture
Standing, sitting, squatting
Body position, centre of gravity
Gait
Posture, symmetry, rhythm, coordination, stride
Leg Length
True (ASIS → medial malleolus) and apparent
Temperature
Palpate with the back of the hand
Bony Landmarks
Femoral (epi)condyles, fibular head, patella, tibia
Muscles
Muscle bulk, tenderness, wasting, spasm
Joint Line
Tenderness, fullness
Ligaments
Medial & lateral collateral ligaments
Tendons
Biceps, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
Sounds on Knee Movement
Clicks, cracks, snaps, clunks
Pulses
Popliteal