The Spleen
February 15th, 2021
Overview
Splenomegaly is present if the spleen is palpable. This may be a sign of portal hypertension due to liver, vascular or pulmonary disease; splenomegaly also occurs with certain infections and haematologic malignancies.
How to Elicit
- Apply gentle pressure to the right lower quadrant. Ask the patient to take a deep breath in. Move the hand superiorly and medially each time the patient breathes out and repeat until the left costal margin is reached. Repeat with the patient in the right lateral decubitus position.
Causes of Splenomegaly
- Congestion - congestive cardiac failure, portal vein thrombosis, cirrhosis
- Infection - bacterial / viral / parasitic
- Inflammation - SLE, IBD, rheumatoid arthritis
- Haematological - leukaemia / lymphoma, thalassaemia, sickle cell anaemia, haemolytic anaemia
- Systemic - sarcoidosis, amyloidosis
- Malignancy - leukaemia, lymphoma, splenic tumours, metastases
Massive splenomegaly is uncommon and occurs in the setting of CML, myelofibrosis, certain lymphomas, malaria and leichmaniasis.
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